Proposal “Violence Against Women”

Shantel Jones Professor Sara Yu Eng. 121-111 15 April 2013 â€Å"Violence Against Women† The research proposal I am preparing is going to be addressing violence against women and the challenges they face when children are involved in the household. The aim of the research is to view how these challenges are overcome and give way to women rights and their political rights (nineteenth amendment). In the early 1990’s over half a million American women were raped.In 1994 congress passed the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), which forbids the state from interfering with women’s citizenship and political rights. Starting from domestic abuse to rape as a weapon of war, violence against women is a gross violation of their human rights. Global issues of violence against women not only does it frighten women's health and their social and economic health, violence also hinders global efforts to reduce poverty. Violence against women falls in several different categories.Do mestic violence occurs between man and women. Domestic violence is one of the main issues in most parental abduction cases. The article also talks about custody battles and how visitation should go when it comes to the children. Domestic violence has been defined in various ways in the legal, social science, and psychology fields. Within the legal field alone, the term carries a different meaning depending on whether state or federal law governs and whether a case arises in the criminal or civil sphere.According to Deborah Goelman under the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), â€Å"domestic violence includes the following: [F]elony or misdemeanor crimes of violence committed by a current or former spouse of the victim, by a person with whom the victim shares a child in common, by a person who is cohabitating with or has cohabitated with the victim as a spouse, by a person similarly situated to a spouse of the victim under the domestic or family violence laws of the jurisdiction rece iving grant monies, or by any other adult person against a victim who is protected from that person's acts under the domestic or family violence laws of the jurisdiction receiving grant monies. † This topic is of interest to me because as a woman studying the laws on women’s right helps you to become more knowledgeable in society. If the world does not address the issue, it stands to suppress the enormous potential of women and girls. When they feel safe, when they are empowered, women and girls can be game-changers. What I hope to gain from this research project is different ways to deal with domestic violence if I was to ever come in contact with a violent individual.

Caribbean Studies Syllabus

MODULE 1: CARIBBEAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE OVERVIEW Module 1 introduces students to the role played by geography in shaping the society and culture of the Caribbean region as well as the historical evolution of Caribbean society, the cultural characteristics of the Caribbean people, and the ways in which Caribbean society and culture influence and are influenced by societies and cultures outside the region. GENERAL OBJECTIVES On completion of this Module, students should: 1. Understand the factors which have shaped Caribbean society and culture; 2. Appreciate how cultural traits evident throughout the region have resulted from Caribbean peoples’ experiences; 3. Understand the common features which exist within Caribbean diversity; 4. Understand the relevance of concepts encountered within the Module, to their own lives and to the lives of their communities SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Students should be able to: 1. Locate and define the Caribbean; 2. Explain the terms ‘society’ and ‘culture’; 3. Describe the characteristic features of Caribbean society and culture 4. Analyze the impact of the historical processes in Caribbean society and culture; . Assess the impact of geographical processes on Caribbean society and culture 6. Evaluate the ways in which societal institutions impact on their lives; 7. Analyze how the global community and Caribbean society impact on each other CONTENT 1. Location and Definition of the Caribbean Region i. Geographical location: a. Names of territories b. Sub-regions, for ex ample, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Western Caribbean, Southern Caribbean, The Bahamas; c. Position of territories in relation to the Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean and the continental land masses i. Definitions of the Caribbean Region a. Geographical; b. Geological; c. Historical; d. Political; iii. Caribbean Identity and Culture 2. Characteristics of Society i. Society a. Shared common purpose; b. A defined territorial space; c. Continuity over time and space; d. Citizenship within a space; ii. Culture a. Learned behavior common to all human beings; b. Norms and values which provide a guide to behavior; c. Institutions which prescribe behavior; 3. Characteristics of Caribbean Society and Culture i. Cultural Diversity Positive and negative effects of cultural diversity; ethnic and cultural differences; the accommodation made among different ethnic groups with respect to space, political and economic power and social visibility. ii. Social Stratification a. Plantation society and its impact on Caribbean social stratification (that is, race, colour, and money as major factors in social stratification); education as a basis for new class formation and upward mobility; b. Concepts such as plantocracy, intelligentsia, middle class, bourgeoisie, working class, underclass, caste; iii. Social Mobility iv. Hybridization a. Factors such as racial admixture and colour in the formation of Caribbean society and culture; terms like mulatto, meztizo, dougla, transculturation, creole; b. Erasure, retention and renewal of cultural practices 4. Impact of Historical Processes i. Migratory movements and the establishment of patterns of settlement by different groups within the Caribbean from pre-Columbian times to the present ii. The development of systems of production: encomienda, slavery, indentureship, the plantation system iii. Responses of the Caribbean people to oppression and genocide: resistance, revolution, development of peasant groups v. Movements toward independence a. Political enfranchisement: i. Adult suffrage; ii. Internal self-government; iii. Economic enfranchisement; iv. Entrepreneurial activities, including shop-keeping and savings societies. 5. Impact of Geographical Phenomena i. Plate tectonics a. Definition; b. Location and movement of the Caribbean plate; c. Earthquakes and volcanoes: soc ial displacement. ii. Hurricanes – social and economic consequences iii. Soils – erosion, conservation iv. Coral reefs – coastal protection, sustainability of fishing industry v. Droughts 6. Impact of Societal Institutions on Caribbean People i. Family i. Education iii. Religion iv. Justice System 7. Caribbean-Global Interactions i. Influences of extra-regional societies on the Caribbean a. Consumption patterns: goods and services; b. Creative expressions: festivals, music, theater arts, culinary practices; c. Education: impact of colonialism; the information age; language; curriculum reforms, for example, teaching of Caribbean Studies in universities in the United Kingdom d. Political influences: i. Westminister System; ii. Rule of law; iii. Electoral processes; iv. Caribbean contribution to the political life of the host communities of Europe and North America; . Labour: the influence of migratory labour; vi. Sport – cricket, soccer, basketball, track a nd field; vii. Religion – traditional and non-traditional religious practices e. Mass Media f. Tourism ii. Caribbean influences on extra-regional countries a. Important political issues created within countries of Europe and North America by the presence of large numbers of Caribbean people (for example, impact of the Haitians and Cubans living in Florida upon the politics of that State). b. The impact of Caribbean festivals like Notting Hill Carnival in the United Kingdom (U. K. Labour Day in Brooklyn, Carnival in Miami and Caribana in Canada on the economics of the areas where they occur ; the impact of migrant labour on the economies of the countries of North America. c. The impact of festivals and music of the Caribbean ( for example, carnival, calypso, reggae, punta, salsa, zouk) upon the festivals, music, pageants and street parades of the countries of North America, Europe, Africa, and of Japan. d. The impact of Rastafarianism on countries throughout the world e. The i nfluence of Caribbean culinary practices within the countries of North America and Europe. Suggested teaching and Learning Activities To facilitate student’s attainment of the objectives in his Module, teachers are advised to engage students in the following teaching and learning activities. 1. Students are encouraged to compile a Glossary of key terms and concepts drawn from the module 2. Students can create a scrapbook based on newspaper, magazine and Internet clippings which are relevant to the themes in the Modules 3. Produce maps and charts to define the Caribbean illustrating features of the physical environment, patterns of settlement and migration 4. Individual or group projects in which students conduct interviews with members of the society on societal and cultural changes 5. Lectures by elders of the community on the characteristics of Caribbean society and culture 6. Tours of plantations; documentaries on slavery, resistance and free villages and independence 7. Class debate on the struggles for, and benefits of independence 8. The use of video footage, photographs from media houses and international agencies on hurricanes and volcanoes. Students can produce their assessment of the impact of these disasters on society and economy 9. Students can design posters on the importance of soils and coral reefs to territories 10. Invite musicians, calypsonians, and folklorists to give lectures on creative expressions 11. Students to deliver 5-7 minute presentations on the impact of societal institutions on Caribbean people RESOURCES Chavannes, B Rastafari: Roots and Ideology, Mona: Syracuse University Press Series, The Press, 1994 Deosaran, R. Reddock, R And Mustapha, N (eds) Contemporary Issues in Social Science: A Caribbean Perspective. Vol: 1, 1994 James, C. L. R. Beyond a Boundary, London: Hutchinson and Company Limited, 1993 Nettleford, R. Caribbean Cultural Identity, Kingston: Institutes of Jamaica, 1978 Payne, A. and Sutton, P. (eds. ) Modern Caribbean Politics, Kingston: Ian Randle Publications, 1993 Reddock, R. (ed. ) Ethnic Minorities in Caribbean Societies, St. Augustine: ISER, 1996 Sutton, C. and Chaney, S. (eds. ) Caribbean Life in New York City: Socio-cultural Dimensions, Centre of Migration Studies, 1987 Thomas, Hope E. Explanation in Caribbean Migration, London: The MacMillan Press Limited, 1992 http://www. pwi. netcom. com/hhenke http://www. caricom. org MODULE 2: ISSUES IN CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT OVERVIEW Module 2 introduces students to different conditions which satisfy the definition of development; to interrelationships among social, cultural, political and economic factors in the development of the Caribbean region; and to key individuals and institutions which have shaped the region’s development GENERAL OBJECTIVE On completion of this Module, students should demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between: i. Politics, economics and development; ii. Culture and development; iii. Technology and development; iv. Social justice and development SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Students should be able to: . Describe the concepts of development and the indicators used to measure development; 2. Evaluate how development in the region is influenced by political, economic, social, cultural, environmental and technological factors; 3. Assess the ways in which globalization affects development in the region; 4. Explain the ways in which the evolution of the integration movement in the Caribbean has influenced development in the region; 5. Evaluate the importance of sports to the development of the region; 6. Assess the significance of Caribbean thought to development of the region; 7. Critically analyze factors which impact on the mass media’s contribution to the development of the region; 8. Formulate reasoned responses to issues of social justice within their communities CONTENT 1. Concepts and indicators of development i. Concepts a. Sustainable development b. Economic development ii. Indicators a. Levels of income b. Productivity c. Social and economic equalization d. Modern knowledge e. Improved institutions and attitudes f. A rationally co-ordinated system of policy measures g. Environmental factors 2. Factors that promote or hinder development i. Political ideologies; popular movements i. Distribution of wealth; resources; income generation iii. Changing class boundaries iv. Definition of Caribbean experience and identity v. Natural and man-made disasters vi. Impact of productive sector vii. Tourism a. Contribution b. Challenges 3. Globalization and Development i. Definition and Stages Facilitators of globalization, for example: a. World Trade Organi zation; b. International Monetary Fund; c. World Bank; d. Transnational organizations; e. Technology; f. Trade; g. Ideologies ii. Impact and Response a. Industry and commerce; b. Distributional sector (supermarkets, department stores); . Labour; d. Technology; e. Ideology 4. The integration movement i. The evolution of: federation, CARIFTA, CARICOM, OECS, ACS ii. Achievements and challenges of three of the following: a. Caribbean Community (CARICOM); b. University of the West Indies (UWI); c. Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC); d. West Indies Cricket Board (WICB); e. Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO); f. Caribbean Single Market and Economy (CSME); g. Regional Security System (RSS) 5. Contributions of sport i. Generation of Income ii. Health and fitness iii. Educational opportunities iv. Sense of Caribbean identity v. Discipline and morale vi. Presence on the world scene vii. Sports tourism 6. Intellectual traditions Objectives and impact of the following: a. Pan Africanism; b. Negritude; c. Industrialization by invitation; d. Marxism and neo-Marxism; e. Caribbean perspectives on British Capitalism; f. Trends in Caribbean feminist thought; g. Indo-Caribbean thought; h. Indigenous perspectives 7. Roles and functions of the mass media i. Provision of information about institutions, events and trends in individual countries, the region and the global community j. Entertainment k. Construction of national identity . Cultural imperialism 8. Social justice i. Knowledge of competing concepts of social justice, for example, recognition of natural rights, welfare and mutual advantage ii. Discrimination on the grounds of age, gender, ethnicity, race o class iii. Indicators of development affected by breaches of social justice: a. Levels of social and economic equalization b. Productivity c. Quality of life Suggested Teaching and Learning Activities To facilitate student’s attainment of the objectives in this module, teachers are advised to engage students in the following teaching and learning ctivities 1. Students are encouraged to compile a glossary of terms and concepts within the Module 2. Students should compile a scrap book on the lives and world of persons who have contributed to the development of the region in the field of politics, labour, the arts, sports. 3. A class research project: for example, the development by groups of students of charts to show a comparative performance among countries of the Caribbean region in areas like GNP, provision of health, literacy rates and unemployment 4. Student Parliamentary debate on the 1990 World bank Report for the Caribbean . Class debates on a range of topical issues, for example, the failure of the Federation, CARICOM, social justice, health, crime and economic issues 6. Panel discussion on Caribbean intellectual tradition 7. Students write a ‘play’ on globalization and its effects 8. A guided tour to a local media corporation 9. Students can evaluate television and radio programmes, advertisements based on criteria arrived at through class discussion 10. Students write letters to the editor of national newspapers, formulating responses to a range of issues 11. Students reate posters on the improper disposal of industrial waste, and overcrowding in urban centres. RESOURCES Beckles, H. A Spirit of Dominance: Cricket and Nationalism in the West Indies, Kingston: Ian Randle Publications, 1997 Globalization, Communications and Caribbean Identity, Kingston: Ian Randle Publications, 1995 Rethinking Development, Kingston: Consortium Graduate School In the Social Sciences, 1995 Black Meteors: The Caribbean in Intenational Athletics, Kingston: Ian Randle Publications, 1998 Dunn, H. S. (ed. ) Girvan, N. (ed) Ince, B. Leo-Rhynie, E. Bailey, B. and Barrow, C. eds. ) Gender: A Multi Disciplinary read er on the Caribbean, Kingston: Ian Randle Publications, 1996 MODULE 3: INVESTIGATING HUMAN AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CARIBEAN OVERVIEW This Module introduces students to some of the major concepts and skills which should be mastered in conducting research. Through the research process, students will have the opportunity to deepen their understanding of a defined area of Caribbean experience which they have selected GENERAL OBJECTIVES On completion of this module, students should: 1. Demonstrate research and analytical skills; . Work independently or in teams to formulate, conduct and report on inquiries into issues they have identified as significant to the region 3. Appreciate the importance of ethical issues in conducting research SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Students should be able to: 1. Explain the nature and purpose of research; 2. Identify a research problem; 3. Evaluate existing information about the problem; 4. Formulate relevant research questions and or hypothesis; 5. List var ious methods and instruments of data collection; 6. Apply appropriate formats in presenting data; 7. Draw conclusions and make recommendations; 8. Use American Psychological Association convention correctly; 9. Adhere to basic principles for maintaining ethical standards in conducting research CONTENT 1. Nature and purpose of research i. Systematic enquiry ii. Generation of new knowledge iii. Reliability and validity in research iv. Problem solving 2. The research problem Identification of a research problem 3. Sources of Information h. Identifying and accessing sources: a. Existing literature; b. Internet Resources; c. Oral histories; d. Newspaper reports; e. Minutes of meetings; . Archive i. Criteria for selection and use: a. Relevance; b. Degree of objectivity; c. Adequacy 4. Characteristics of research objectives i. Relevance ii. Direct link to research problem iii. Informed by sources iv. Clarity 5. Methods and Instruments of Data Collection i. Sampling a. Probability and non-probability; b. Target population i. Surveys a. Types of surveys; b. Interview techniques; c. Questionn aire construction 6. Format of Presenting Data i. Tabular ii. Graphic iii. Text 7. Conclusion and Recommendation i. Main findings in relation to research objectives ii. Areas of contention in relation to research objectives iii. New and interesting findings, if any iv. Limitations of the study v. Areas for further research 8. American Psychological Association Conventions (APAC) i. Bibliographies ii. Referencing 9. Principles of ethical conduct, for example: i. Consent of research subjects; ii. Respect for privacy and confidentiality; iii. Integrity and transparency of the research process THEMES Recommended Areas for Investigation The following themes represent areas of interest to the contemporary Caribbean in terms of their significance to regional development. The list is not considered exhaustive and it is expected that new themes will be added. Under each theme heading, broad areas for possible study are identified for the guidance of students. Students may choose one of the themes to be the subject of the research project A. The Environment i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. Pollution Sewage and Solid Waste Management Coming to terms with Natural and man-made Disasters Housing growing populations Protection of Parks and the National heritage Toxic Waste Disposal Renewable and non-renewable resources of the Caribbean B. The Mass media i. ii. iii. iv. v. Impact of selected media on cultural expressions and values Issues arising from the control of information by extraregional media organizations Issues surrounding censorship and freedom of information Effects of media messages on the economies of Caribbean countries The effects of new technologies on the growing influence of the mass media in the Caribbean C. Gender Issues in the Caribbean i. ii. iii. iv. v. Changing male-female relationships in the Caribbean – causes and characteristic features Gender issues in education Gender relations in the workplace Gender issues in the mass media Gender issues and the law D. The Productive Sector and Development i. ii. iii. Farming practices and land tenure Development of appropriate technologies Impact of new technologies iv. Foreign dominance of the productive sector Tourism Agro-industries v. vi. E. Health i. ii. iii. iv. v. Changing patterns of disease The impact of cultural habits and value systems Traditional/modern medicine Health care and the economy Sexual and reproductive health – social, economic, ethical and legal issues F. Crime in the Caribbean i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Crime as a function of changing social structures and technologies Trade in illicit narcotics Impact of crime on the economy and on the political structure Effects of crime on the society Impact on the physical well-being of individuals of the region International relations in the control of crime G. Sports i. ii. iii. iv. v. Effects of identified policies on the development of sports Physical benefits Sports and the regional/national economy Impact of developing technologies on performance in sports Changing patterns of interest and development H. The Work Place i. ii. iii. v. v. vi. Patterns of unemployment; causes and effects of unemployment Impact of changing technologies Challenges of entrepreneurial activity in the Caribbean Changing role of labour unions Industrial Law in the work place Providing education for the world of work I. The Languages of the Caribbean i. Historical and social factors shaping Caribbean Creoles ii. iii. iv. Implications for maintaining European languag es as the official languages of the region Roles and functions of Creole languages within Caribbean societies Oral traditions within the culture J. Religion i. ii. Emergence and persistence of folk forms of worship Religion and education in the region Impact of modernization on religion in the Caribbean Religion and alternative forms of medicine Religion and social change in the region Impact of religion on family values iii. iv. v. vi. K. Literary, Performing and Visual Arts i. Factors affecting the evolution of identified art forms (for example, history, inter-culturation, new technologies) Existing and potential roles for the performing arts in the development of countries within the Caribbean Ethical and legal issues – copyright, censorship Impact of globalization ii. iii. v. Suggested Teaching and Learning Activities To facilitate students’ attainment of the objectives in this Module, teachers are advised to engage students in the following teaching and learning activities. 1. Discuss the importance of the research paper in terms of the overall examination 2. Discuss research types and methods by teacher and other resource pe rson(s) 3. Provide a range of examples of problems statements, followed by class discussion to critically evaluate the effectiveness and completeness of sample problem statements 4. Provide examples of literature reviews to identify pertinent elements, such as: i. Relevance of theories and research findings to topic; ii. Agreement or disagreement between the stated theories; iii. Correct citation of sources 5. Group analysis of sample research reports so as to help students to arrive at an understanding of component parts, and of formats appropriate to different types of research design 6. Develop a glossary of research terms 7. Guided group library tours to help students to identify and access sources of information 8. Develop interviewing skills followed by class evaluation of the interviews 9. Mini-observation assignments within the classroom, the school, community or the workplace 0. Discuss the use and acknowledgment of sources to avoid plagiarism 11. Discuss the common problems encountered in designing and conducting research 12. Teacher feedback on project 13. Establish time lines for submission of drafts of the project Scope and Depth of Study Students should be guided in making decisions about scope and depth as they conduct and repor t on this study. Constraints of time and project length will affect the nature of the problem chosen, the population selected for study, and the extent of coverage of the relevant literature. It will also increase the demand that coverage of the literature be relevant and succinct. Time Management During the course of study, twenty contact hours are proposed for teaching the basic concepts of research and the skills of preparing a research proposal and report, as well as for discussion of factors which must be considered at different stages of the study. Twenty hours are allocated for the student’s independent work in carrying out the different phases of the study. At this time, the role of the teacher will be that of an advisor RESOURCES Suggested Reading List Boxill, I. , Chambers, C. M. , Wint, E. Introduction to Social research with Applications to the Caribbean, Kingston: Canoe Press, University of the West Indies, 1997 Roberts, P. West Indians and their Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001 Sanders, R. Narcotics, Corruption and Development in the Countries of the OECS: The Problem in the Smaller Islands of the Commonwealth Caribbean, Caribbean Affairs 3: 1, 1990 West Indian Commission A Time for Action: Report of the West Indian Commission, Mona: The Press, University of the West Indies, 1992 World Health Organization Health and Environment in Sustainable Developments Five years after the Earth Summit, 1997 OUTLINE OF ASSESMENT EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT 60% Written Papers – 4 hours 30 minutes Paper 01 (1 hour 30 minutes) Fifteen compulsory shirt-response questions 27% Paper 02 ( 3 hours) Eight essay questions of which candidates must answer four 33% INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 40% Paper 03A The internal assessment will consist of a research project. The project will enable the student to demonstrate skills and competencies developed from each of the three modules. Paper 03B Private candidates are required to write Paper 03B, an Alternative Paper to the Internal Assessment MODERATION OF INTERNAL ASSESSMENT An Internal Assessment Record Sheet will be sent each year to schools submitting students for the examinations. All Internal Assessment Record Sheets and sample of assignments must be submitted to CXC by May 31 of the year of the examination. A sample of assignments will be requested by CXC for moderation purposes. These samples will be reassessed by CXC examiners who moderate the Internal Assessment. Teachers’ marks may be adjusted as a result of moderation. The Examiners’ comments will be sent to schools. Copies of the students’ assignments that are not submitted must be retained by the school until three months after publication by CXC of the examination results ASSESSMENT DETAILS External Assessment by Written Papers (60% of Total assessment) There will be a combined question paper and answer booklet for Paper 01 Paper 01 (1 hour 30 minutes – 27% of Total Assessment) 1. Number of Questions This paper is made up of 15 compulsory short-response questions covering all three modules 2. Syllabus Coverage Knowledge of all topics is required. The intention is to test candidates’ knowledge across the breadth of the syllabus 3. Question type Questions will be structured, consisting of two, three or four parts. Questions will test candidates’ understanding of concepts and issues 4. Mark Allocation Questions will not necessarily be awarded the same number of marks. A question may be worth three, four, five or at most six marks The maximum number of marks for this paper is 80. This paper contributes 27% of the total mark for the Unit Paper 02 (3 hours – 33% of Total Assessment) 1. Number of Questions This paper consists of eight questions. Candidates are required to answer for questions, two from Module 1 and two from Module 2 2. Syllabus Coverage This paper tests Modules 1 and 2. Four questions will be set on Module 1 and four questions on Module 2. Candidates are required to answer two questions on each module. 3. Question Type Questions in this section will test higher order thinking skills such as application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Candidates will be expected to present a case for or against a particular point of view, using the concepts and issues discussed in the course There will be two types of questions. Type A There will be four questions of this type. These will test candidates’ ability to explain and elaborate on conceptual issues and apply general principles to a problem situation. Each question is worth 20 marks and candidates are required to answer one of two questions on Module 1 and one of two questions on Module 2 Type B There will be four questions of this type. These will require candidates to analyze problem cases, discuss and make evaluate comments or issues and present arguments for or against a particular point of view. Each question is worth 30 marks and candidates are required to answer one of two questions on Module 1 and one of two questions on module 2. INTERNAL ASSESSMENT Paper 03A – Internal Assessment (40% of Total Assessment) Internal Assessment is an integral part of student assessment in the course covered by this syllabus. It is intended to assist students in acquiring certain knowledge, skills and attitudes that are associated with the subject. The activities for the Internal Assessment are linked to the syllabus and should orm part of the learning activities to enable the student to achieve the objectives of the syllabus. During the course of study for the subject, students obtain marks for the competence they develop and demonstrate in undertaking their Internal Assessment assignments. These marks contribute to the final marks and grades that are awarded to students for their performance in the examination The guidelines provided in this syllabus for selecting appropriate tasks are intended to assist teachers and students in selecting assignments that are valid for the purpose of Internal Assessment. The guidelines provided for the assessment of these assignments are intended to assist teachers in awarding marks that are reliable estimates of the achievement of students in the Internal Assessment component of the course. In order to ensure that the scores awarded by the teachers are not out of line with the CXC standards, the Council undertakes the moderation of a sample of the Internal Assessment assignments marked by each teacher. Internal Assessment provides an opportunity to individualize a part of the curriculum to meet the needs of students. It facilitates feedback to the student at various stages of the experience. This helps to build the self-confidence of students as they proceed with their studies. Internal Assessment also facilitates the development of critical skills and abilities emphasized by this CAPE subject, and enhance the validity of the examination on which candidate performance is reported. Internal Assessment therefore makes a significant and unique contribution to both the development of relevant skills and the testing and rewarding of students for the development of those skills. The Caribbean Examinations Council seeks to ensure that the Internal Assessment scores are valid and reliable estimates of accomplishment. The guidelines provided in this syllabus are intended to assist in doing so. The internal assessment component of the examination is worth 120 marks. This contributes 40% of the total mark for the unit. The Research Project The internal assessment for this Unit is a research project on a topic selected on any area of the themes outlines on pages 22-25 of the syllabus. The assignment is worth a total of 120 marks for the internal assessment FORMAT OF THE REEARCH PROJECT I. II. Length: 2,000 – 2,500 words Structure: Cover Page (Title, Name, Date): Acknowledgements Table of Contents: III. a. Introduction and Purpose of Research b. Literature Review c. Data Collection sources d. Presentation of Findings e. Interpretation of Findings f. Discussion g. Conclusion/Limitations of the Research/Recommendations h. Bibliography i. Appendices Allocation of Marks for the Research Project Marks will be allocated according to the following scheme: Marks A. Introduction and Purpose of research, Statement of Problem (15) Literature Review Data Collection Sources (10) (15) B. C. D. Presentation of Findings (18) Interpretation of Findings (20) E. F. Discussion of Findings (15) G. Conclusion, Limitations of the Research, Recommendations (15) Overall Presentation and Writing Skills (12) H. *The points to be considered for section H are as follows: Presentation j. Cover Page k. Acknowledgements l. Table of Contents m. Bibliography n. Appendices Mechanics/Writing h. Paragraphing i. Vocabulary, use of language j. Grammar and Spelling marks] [Total 120 Marks for the Research Project would be allocated across Modules in the ratio 1: 1: 4. For example if the total marks for the project is 72, divide the mark in the ratio 1: 1: 4. Therefore the candidate will receive 12 marks. For Module 1, 12 marks for Module 2 and 48 marks for Module 3 CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION CARIBBEAN STUDIES MARK SCHEME Candidates will be awarded a total of 12 marks for communicating information in a logical way using correct grammar. The marks are awarded in Section H in the mark scheme below RESEARCH PROJECT A. INTRODUCTION marks) (Purpose of research – Statement of Problem) ? (15 Excellent explanation of the purpose of the research ? Very good explanation of the statement of the question or problem to be researched ? Explained very well the educational value of the research ? Defined clearly all or nearly all the technical terms used in the study (13-15 marks) ? Explained well the purpose of the research ? Stated clearly the question or problem to be researched ? Explained well the educational value of the research ? Defined clearly most or nearly all the technical terms used in the study (10 – 12 marks) ? Explained adequately the purpose of the research ? Stated adequately the question or problem to be researched ? Explained adequately the educational value of the research ? Defined adequately technical terms used in the study (7-9 marks) ? Explained in a limited way the purpose of the research ? Stated vaguely the question or problem to be researched ? Explained vaguely the educational value of the research Defined a limited number of technical terms used in the study (4 – 6 marks) ? Explained poorly the purpose of the research ? Stated inadequately the question or problem to be researched ? Provided no clear explanation of the educational value of the research ? Provided no meaningful definition of technical terms used in the study (1-3 marks) B. LITERATURE REVIEW mark s) (15 ? Showed an excellent understanding of the relevant literature and previous research on the problem and related them properly to the study, that is, placed the research clearly in context (13 – 15 marks) Showed a good understanding of the relevant literature and previous research on the problem and related them properly to the study, that is, placed the research appropriately in context (10 – 12 marks) ? Showed an adequate understanding of the relevant literature and previous research on the problem and related them properly to the study, that is, placed the research satisfactorily in context (7 – 9 marks) ? Showed a limited understanding of the relevant literature and previous research on the problem and related them in a limited manner to the present study, that is, placed the research in context in a limited way (4 – 6 marks) Showed a poor understanding of the relevant literature and previous research and showed little or no connection to the pr esent study, that is, was unable to put the research in context (1 – 3 marks) C. DATA COLLECTION SOURCES (10 marks) ? Gave an excellent description of the different sources, from which information was collected and was obtained and how these sources contribute to an understanding of the research problem (9 – 10 marks) ? Gave an good description of the different sources, from which information was obtained and how these sources contribute to an understanding of the research problem (7 – 8 marks) Gave an adequate description of the different sources, from which information was obtained and how these sources contribute to an understanding of the research problem (5 – 6 marks) ? Gave a limited description of the different sources, from which information was obtained and how these sources contribute to an understanding of the research problem (3 – 4 marks) ? Gave a poor description of the different sources, from which information was obtained and how th ese sources contribute to an understanding of the research problem (1-2 marks) D. PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS marks) (18 Gave an excellent presentation of the findings using a variety of tables, graphs, maps or text and other forms that are appropriate, well labeled, presented accurately (16 – 18 marks) ? Gave a good presentation of the findings using a variety of tables, graphs, maps or text and other forms that are appropriate, well labeled, presented accurately most of the time (12 – 15 marks) ? Gave an adequate presentation of the findings and some tables, graphs, maps or text but not using as many varied methods as could have been used; the data were for the most part accurate and adequately labeled (8 – 11 marks) Gave a weak presentation of the findings using few graphs or tables or text, not always using the most effective method; the data were not always well presented or accurate (4 – 7 marks) ? Gave a poor presentation of the findings; little thoug h is given to the labeling and presentation and to the accuracy of the data (1 – 3 marks) E. INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGSDISCUSSION OF FINDINGS (20 marks) ? Interpretation was very well, accurate and very relevant to the issues being studied (17 – 20 marks) ? Interpretation was clear, accurate and relevant to the issues being studied (13-16 marks) Interpretation was not clear, not always accurate and not always relevant to the issues being studied (9 – 12 marks) ? Interpretation was unclear, inaccurate and of limited relevance to the issues being studied (5 – 8 marks) ? Interpretation was generally unclear, inaccurate and was of little relevance to the issues being studied (1 – 4 marks) F. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS (15 marks) ? Provided an excellent discussion of findings and their implications and comparison with previous studies (13 – 15 marks) ? Provided a good discussion of findings and their implications and comparison with previous studies (10-12 marks) Provided a satisfactory discussion of findings and their implications and comparison with previous studies (7 – 9 marks) ? Provided a limited discussion of findings and their implications; little reference to previous studies were made (4 – 6 marks) ? Provided a very limited discussion of findings and their implications, no reference to previous studies were made (1 – 3 marks) G. CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (15 marks) †¢ Conclusions were very clearly stated, very well developed, logical and relevant (13 – 15 marks) Conclusions were clearly stated, were well developed, logical and relevant (10 – 12 marks) †¢ Conclusions were satisfactorily stated, developed, some recommendations (7 – 9 marks) †¢ Conclusions were inadequately stated, showed limited relevance and development, recommendations were inappropriate and not very practical (4 – 6 marks) †¢ Conclusions were inappropriate and sho wed little or no relevance or practical value (1-3 marks) H. OVERALL PRESENTATION AND WRITING SKILLS (12 marks) (Communication of information in a logical way using correct grammar) i. Presentation (4 marks) †¢ Provided appropriate layout, and relevant tables of content, bibliography, appendices, cover page (4 marks) †¢ Provided adequate layout, and relevant tables of content, bibliography, appendices, cover page (3 marks) †¢ Provided layout appropriate for the most part, and tables of content, bibliography, cover page (2 marks) †¢ Provided a weak presentation and only some of the important elements such as table of content, bibliography, appendices, cover page and those that were given were not well done (1 mark) ii. Writing Skills (8 marks) Demonstrated very high level of writing competence, for example, organization, use of language, grammar, spelling (7 – 8 marks) †¢ Demonstrated high level of writing competence, for example, organization, use of language, grammar, spelling (5 – 6 marks) †¢ Demonstrated adequate writing skills, for example, organization, use of language, grammar, spelling (4 marks) †¢ Demonstrate d limited writing skills, for example, weak use of language and grammar, several spelling errors (3 marks) †¢ Demonstrated poor writing skills, for example, poor use of language, poor grammar, many errors in spelling (1 – 2 marks)

Out of Hart, Dworkin and Altman, who provided the best understanding Essay

Out of Hart, Dworkin and Altman, who provided the best understanding of judicial discretion What implication do their position have for the legitimacy of judic - Essay Example After Roper says he would cut down every law in England that kept him from pursuing and capturing the Devil, More answers: Oh And when the last law was down, and the Devil turned 'round on you, where would you hide, Roper, the laws all being flat This country is planted thick with laws, from coast to coast, Man's laws, not God's! And if you cut them down, and you're just the man to do it, do you really think you could stand upright in the winds that would blow then Yes, I'd give the Devil benefit of law, for my own safety's sake! (Bolt 46) In other words, from More's perspective, the protections that the law affords everyone are worth the protections that the law offers the accused, no matter how obvious his or her guilt may seem. More clearly advocates a fairly literal application of the law and would frown on a great deal of legislation from judicial benches. More, of course, lived four centuries ago. Legal philosophy has changed a great deal since then. One movement that has been particularly influential in the past century has been the advent of legal positivism. This idea asserts a fundamental difference between law and morality. By extension, this idea suggests that there is room for judges to act as social activists, and use rulings to ameliorate the damage that the gaps between the laws as they stand and the ethics of particular situations can wreak. H.L.A. Hart, Ronald Dworkin, and Alfred Altman all have perspectives on the proper role of judicial activism and discretion. Dworkin and Hart come in on basically opposite sides of the argument. While Dworkin views the law as a system that always provides a correct answer, through his Theory of Adjudication (Gaffrey 22), Hart asserts that laws themselves are "open-textured" and that there is room for judges to use discretion to plug the gaps between legal rules and morals (Bix 52). Altman takes a middle view based on his idea of "truncation," which basically refers to a judge knowing when to apply the law to its most literal extent, and when to abridge its extension (Altman 5). Given the liberal ideals of the modern rule of law in the United Kingdom, it would seem that this middle way provides the most room for compromises in cases where compromises are clearly needed, without permitting judges to become too activist in their rulings. Hart's concept of legal positivism divides the law into two categories: primary, or duty-imposing, rules, and secondary, or power-imposing rules. Primary rules confer rights or set obligations: criminal law is made up of only primary rules, for example. Secondary rules dictate the ways in which primary rules are made and enforced. An example would be the rules that dictate the makeup of Parliament, and the rules governing the enactment of acts in Parliament (Bix 51). One of the most crucial elements of Hart's theory is the "open texture theory." Hart uses the term "open texture" to mean that there are some situations in which judges should apply discretion when there is a case that may be said to fall outside existing rule of law. He supports this assertion with three reasons. First, language itself, which comprises laws, contains many loopholes, just by virtue of its very nature. While words in a legal rule may well

The Controversial Issue of Student Testing and Assestment Term Paper

The Controversial Issue of Student Testing and Assestment - Term Paper Example Conventional rules require instructors to interpret test scores in accordance with legal and societal expectations, norms and criteria; these norms are either established independently or through statistical analysis of massive numbers of participants (Black & Harrison, (2001). However, Christian perspective on testing and assessment differs significantly from the legal and societal expectations of administering assessment tools. Biblical principles guide instructors to adopt significantly different norms, aims and forms of testing and assessment. The purpose of this paper is to consider the controversial issue of testing and assessment from the legal and societal perspective and contrast these expectations to Biblical principles. The purpose of testing and assessment differs rather significantly across many groups of people considered as education stakeholders. For instance, from the legal perspectives, policymakers’ purpose of assessment include setting standards, focusing o n goals, monitoring the quality of education, formulating policies based on results of tests and assessment, sanctioning or rewarding certain education-related practices and determining the effects of tests. On the other hand, teachers, schools and administrators use tests and assessments as tools to make grouping decisions by monitoring student progress, conducting curriculum evaluations and refinements, offering student diagnosis and motivating students through grading, promotion or mastery by defining grades (Gregory & Chapman, 2002). Societal expectations of testing and assessment include gauging students’ progress in order to assess their strengths and weaknesses, ascertain school accountability and make knowledgeable decisions regarding education and careers. However, from the legal and societal standpoint, instructors are allowed to provide standardized student tests and assessments regardless of the students’ abilities, inabilities or levels of knowledge and un derstanding. The tester, in this case, serves as a determiner of student knowledge. However, Biblical principles regarding testing and assessment are quite dissimilar from societal and legal expectations. First and foremost, Biblical principles require all educational procedures to integrate Christian teachings and messages. These Biblical expectations of teaching and instruction must be woven throughout all educational processes from instruction to assessment. Biblical principles articulate not only what students are expected to do and know, but also what is expected of students as they continue through their life journeys as productive members of society and as followers of Christ. As a consequence, Biblical principles that guide teaching, learning and assessment require that student evaluations and assessment must conform to Christian practices, which not only recognize, but also affirm Christian values (Anthony, 2011). This is accomplished by respecting the worth and dignity of all students. Effective assessment and testing according to Biblical principles also requires the provision of successful experiences to all students regardless of their skills, competences and aptitudes. On the other hand, the universal tests and assessments presented to students based on legal and societal expectations are contrary to Biblical principles. Biblical principl

Alternative media Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Alternative media - Case Study Example It’s obvious this is a subtle dig at the propensity of tobacco to be a cancer causing agent. In other such co-optations Adbuster’s parodied Tiger Woods as a picture of the Nike logo in the background was featured and then a swoosh sign within Tiger Wood’s mouth was inserted. The implications for this are clear, as it demonstrates a political commentary on the means by which Nike has purchased Wood’s advertising power and voice. Another image has the slogan ‘Buy Nothing Day’ with a giant credit card running down the street displayed. In these regards, there are ultimately two means of constructing these forms of alternative commercialization. The first being the alteration of existing imagery in an effort to play on the power effects contained in these images. The second method is the direct construction of methods that call into question mainstream social ideals, for instance consumerism. References "Culture Jammers." Adbusters. N.p., 2011. We b. 7 Apr 2011. .

Executive Leadership in Public Organizations Assignment - 1

Executive Leadership in Public Organizations - Assignment Example The Sunroof community performance will be determined by multiple experiences of leaders, and the outcome reflected at individual and community level (Wart, 2012). In order to achieve better performance, the community should build the capacity of new leaders by provides sufficient information through utilization of wisdom of the older generation (Cleveland, 1985). The community should inspire the new generation of leaders by building their capacity and matching individual goals with community goals so that individual leader’s achievement can translate to community advancement. The leadership performance can be determined by the community standards (Wart, 2012). Therefore, Sunroof community should utilize the leadership programs to impart the new generation of leaders with the relevant knowledge and use those programs as a benchmark for measuring performance standards in all community aspects such as social, cultural and economic aspects (Cleveland, 1985). In order to surpass th e previous leadership performance, the community should make a review of the leadership programs and modify the components that did not work according to the community expectations. The community should involve a diversified team of leaders who can identify and solve various issues affecting the community (Wart, 2012). The aim of the community is to train a new class of leaders that will take place of the former group and maintain the status quo of the Sunroof City as a community model for advancing science, innovation, culture and knowledge. As a diversified community and a role model in performance, the community should ensure they obtain leaders from various cultural and intellectual backgrounds to promote a unity of the community and retain creativity. The community should ensure they obtain new leaders from all cultural and intellectual background in order to achieve the organizational goals (Cleveland, 1985).  Ã‚  

Response Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Response Paper - Essay Example At the beginning of his essay, McCloskey dismantles the three established and scholarly proofs of God’s existence. Although some people may wonder why McCloskey disproves these arguments first and would even accuse him of practicality for having done so instead of attacking God’s existence itself, one should remember that the basis of Christian faith rests upon these three arguments of God’s existence, which have been established by the greatest of Christian scholars in early history. McCloskey begins with the cosmological proof of God’s existence and disproves its validity. According to McCloskey, â€Å"The mere existence of the world constitutes no reason for believing in the existence of [an all-powerful first cause or uncaused cause]† (McCloskey 63). This is logical. It would be perfectly all right to think that the existence of a computer necessitates the existence of a maker, because one knows that that is true. Nevertheless, the existence of the world is different from the existence of the computer, for the computer is man-made. Any man-made object is made by man, but since the world is not man-made, then it is definitely not made by man, OR perhaps nothing or no one really made it. The belief of theists is that anything that exists must have been made or created at some point. Nevertheless, no one can simply state this claim a priori; otherwise, it will be an assumption. Thus, McCloskey refutes the cosmological proof of the existence of God simply because he was speaking from what he knows and from the limits of his knowledge, which are simply and practically the same as the limits of any sane person’s knowledge. McCloskey is innocent in making his atheistic claims for it is true that he cannot see or perceive that the existence of the world necessitates the existence of a maker. Besides, anyone who can see such an existence must only be claiming to be able to do so perhaps on the basis of personal faith, an ima gined vision, or a physical proof to which he subjectively assigns meaning. In short, a theist believes that God exists because he has won the lottery that he was praying for, his sick child got better, the pastor said so, or just because he could â€Å"feel† it. Nevertheless, the point is that, in any case, no theist has seen the â€Å"connection† between God and the world. Moreover, since there is no way that a maker is seen as necessary, it also follows that it does not matter whether this maker is all-powerful or not. Aside from the cosmological argument, McCloskey refutes the argument from design and the teleological argument, because, according to him, in order to prove that this argument is true, â€Å"†¦genuine indisputable examples of design or purpose are needed† (64). This is also logical. What is â€Å"design† anyway? Perhaps, the theists have sought to define design as the series of events or an elaborate interconnection of things and ev ents that somehow either makes some sense to them or emotionally appeals to them. Perhaps, what the theists see that makes them believe in a design is a pattern or a cycle, like the metamorphosis of a caterpillar into a butterfly, or the harmonious revolution of the planets around the sun. This is so dramatic and it feels so good to bask at these wonders of nature. Nevertheless, although it is possible that a pattern is

Using relevant examples discuss the issues relating to Climate Change Essay

Using relevant examples discuss the issues relating to Climate Change in a Global Context - Essay Example mit greenhouse gases that are responsible for causing the destruction of the ozone layer thus global warming that causes the gradual changes in the climate. Research statistics and evidence by climate experts clearly show that there has been a marked change in the composition and amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which currently stands at 390ppm and even higher levels as recorded at 400ppm at Mauna Loa, Hawaii as at May 2013. Additionally, scientific research has indicated that the decade covering the period between the years 2000 and 2010 was recorded as the hottest with 2005 and 2010 being the warmest in temperatures (Giese, 2011). The United Nations body in charge of addressing of matters to do with climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has equally stated that climate change is likely to have serious effect on the climate of the world in a global context affecting both the life of animals including humans and plants. Closely related to the matter of climate change is global warming which is the average increase in temperature of both the earth and the ocean and is continuously on the increase due to the effects of the climate change. Since the early 1900s, the average temperature of the earths and oceans has risen by averages well over temperatures of 0.8Â °C, and this is likely to increase in the coming years due to the sustained activities of human beings that cause effects associated with climate change. Further, the effects associated with climate change and global warming are likely to cause an increase of temperatures between the ranges of 1.8Â °C and 4Â °C which may rise to between 1.1Â °C and 6.4Â °C unless efforts are made in order to bring the matter of climate change under control (Harris and Roach, 2007). The same scientific research also indicate that due to effects associated with climate change, the level of the sea is likely to rise by a figure of between 28cm to 43 cm while some large water bodies such as the

Insurance case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Insurance - Case Study Example shows that he gets around $6Â  875 but there are other factors that need to be taken into consideration with regards to the actual net income he will get. This gross income is subject to tax deductibles. The other issue that the Walter should seriously take into consideration is that he is still young and his family is young too. His family history of BP prevalence makes it imperative for him to prioritize his healthcare issues. It is therefore recommended that Walter should make sure that he together with his family are fully covered in terms of health policies instead of focusing on other activities that are considered luxury. It is imperative for Walter to review his monthly income and expenditure in order to be able to draw a budget that is commensurate with the disposable money available. Walter risks incurring debts that may pose a burden to him if he fails to concentrate on basic things such as life and health insurances on top of other needs. On the other hand, it can be noted that Jessica’s monthly income is little and not consistent since she survives on part time jobs. There are other issues such as tax implications that cannot be evaded so Jessica should make sure that she operates within budget in order to be in a position to meet basic needs in life. Instead of craving for fancy things which expensive at the same time, it is recommended that Jessica should at least focus on pertinent issues that will secure her life in the event of unprecedented scenarios happening. Buying an expensive car on credit does not add value to their lives. Life and health insurances are more important than other luxury expenses that seem to gobble much of her income. In this case, Jessica should revise down expenses such as entertainment, clothing as well as groceries. Essentially, Jessica should prioritize life and insurance issues considering that her children are also under her custody. Indeed, she has responsibility for them. In order to be on the safe side given her

Curbing Examination Malpractices in Nigerian Educational Assessment Essay Example for Free

Curbing Examination Malpractices in Nigerian Educational Assessment Essay The paper examines the role or intervention of guidance and counseling in curbing examination malpractice in Nigerian educational assessment among all the stake holders in education industry. Counseling can be of much interventional assistance in bringing re-orientation of students, teachers, the school and the society. Also provides social, orientational and psychological counseling as an antidote for examination malpractice in Nigeria. Therefore, this paper dwells on concept of guidance and counseling, what examination malpractice is all about, and exposes the causes and an overview of background of examination malpractice in Nigeria is discussed. Similarly, the social effects of examination malpractice is discussed as it affects the political, moral, socio-economic of the nation and conclude with suggestion and solutions through counseling intervention so as to protect the validity and sanctity of examination in Nigeria All over the world examination is considered very important in educational system. By means of it, learners are formally measured and placements are made based on the results accrued from it. In Nigeria, education has been adopted as an instrument for meaningful national development. Therefore, government, communities, private organizations, and individuals have established educational institutions with a view to training the citizens for the development of the nation’s physical and human resources. In these institutions, teaching and guidance services are supposed to take place so that appropriate skills and knowledge can be acquired by the learners. Furthermore, machinery through which the extent of knowledge and skill acquisition is determined at each stage of learning has been set up. This is in form of examination which would be organized in order to evaluate, assess, place and test knowledge and skills. The outcome of the examination is used as a basis for decision making on the examinee’s ability. In view of the exceeding importance attached to examination at national and international levels, examinations are seen as an activity that should be executed well. Learners in Nigeria see examination as activities that should be successfully carried out if future is assured. Thus, there are many instances where there are tendencies to pass examination at all costs. These trends and phenomena really called for concerns from all Quarters including the professional guidance counselors. Educational Guidance as seenbyEncarta(2009),a process of helping students to achieve the self-understanding and self-direction necessary to make informed choices and move toward personal goals. Guidance focuses on the complete development of individual students through a series of services designed to maximize school learning, stimulate career development, and respond to the personal and social concerns that inhibit individual growth. Although guidance activities are usually associated with educational professionals known as counselors, educational guidance is actually a cooperative enterprise involving the participation of teachers, administrators, other educational specialists, and parents. Similarly, Egbule (2002) puts the concept of Guidance and Counseling as a helping service in the understanding of the factors or events that led to the conceptual evolution of it as a subject matter, a professional discipline and indeed a helping service. Meanwhile, he submitted further that it is these factors that are responsible for its popularization as helping service and subsequent use in resolving various educational, vocational and socio-personal problems of individual in the society. Some of the factors according to Egbule, (2002) include: * Traditional practices relating to advising * Civilization in modern society and problems associated with it * Development in the field of psychology and philosophy * Educational development * Socio-political developments * Different behavior problems of individuals that require counseling, among others. Ipaye, (1983) in Abdu, (2007) define guidance and counseling as a helping service that provides the atmosphere as well as the setting within a professional counselor can help a person (client) or a group of person in terms of resolving educational, vocational and personal-social problems. It is also the process of assisting the individuals acquire, get acquainted with and becoming aware of the opportunities in the personal, social, educational and vocational world. This is with a view to experiencing and exploring various interventional communication roles. No doubt, counseling has a long interventional role to play by virtue of its significant relevance in curbing examination malpractices in Nigerian educational society as the comprehensive services would bring about positive attitudinal change in individuals thus creating an opportunity to operate in an atmosphere free from corruption and tension. Administration of examination has generally been associated with the problem of cheating, otherwise known as examination malpractice. Examination malpractice has been defined in various ways. Imogie (2001) in Umar A and et al (2009) maintain that it involves wrong doing before, during or after an examination by candidates and sometimes invigilators, supervisors, typists, printer, or group whose actions give a candidate or group of candidates an undue advantage in an examination. It is also seen as an improper and dishonest act associated with examination with a view to obtaining unmerited advantage, while WAEC itself consider examination as any irregular behavior exhibited by candidates or anybody charge with the responsibility of conducting examination in or outside the examination hall, before, during or after examination. (WAEC, 2003) It could be deduced that examination malpractice is all round irregularities associated with the conduct of examination. Since human beings have always been conscious of human ability and efficiency in the area of appointments or promotions, examinations of different form or standard have been with mankind in the course of human evolution. Examination has along history in the world as reported by Pratt (1980) in Umar G, Mburza A, Bulama K, (2009) that examination malpractices was first noticed over 3000 years ago in the famous Chinese Civil Service and regulations which include death penalty for both the guilty students and examiners. Olowu, (2006) in Nnachi, (2009) added that from China, formal examination spread to different parts of the world. By the middle of the 19th century, competitive examinations were introduced in Britain and India for the selection of government officials. Corrupt practices in examination in Nigeria dated back to the pre-independence. According to various sources, the first publicly reported case of examination malpractices was in 1914, when the question papers of the Senior Cambridge Local Examination were reportedly seen by the candidates before the date of the examination. Since then, there have been incessant cases of irregularities reported on annual basis, the outstanding years were 1963, 1967, 1970, 1973, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1987, 1991, 1994 to 2003 (WAEC, 2004) the major features of the examination malpractices reported were: impersonation, smuggling in foreign materials, slot in, stealing, converting, collusion in examination hall, mass cheating, mass organized cheating, unlawful assistance from teachers and outsiders and insult on supervisors. This ugly phenomenon is inimical to academic and social development and it needs to be addressed drastically. The incidence of examination malpractices over the years has become so alarming in both public and private institutions despite various sanctions employed. Examination malpractices have in recent years remained one of the disturbing phenomenons in educational institutions in Nigeria. The trend which takes different dimensions and forms has become alarming especially in higher institution of learning. It is not limited to internal examination prepared by schools, colleges, polytechnics, and universities, but it has gone up to external examinations such as WAEC, NECO, UTME, NTI, NABTEB, and professional examinations. The situation became embarrassing to the nation that the Federal Military Government had to promulgate Decree20 to deal with it. Part of the provision of the Decree reads: Any person who fraudulently or with intent to cheat or secure any unfair advantage to himself or any person or in abuse of his office, produces, sells or buy, or otherwise deals with any question paper intended for the examination of persons at any examination or commit any of the offence specified in section 3 (27) (c) of this Decree, shall be guilty of an offence and on conviction be sentence to 21 years imprisonment. However, Examination Malpractices Act 33 of 1999 reversed the above Decree but stipulates punishment ranging from a fine of N50, 000 to N100, 000 and imprisonment for a term of 3-4 years with or without option of fine. It is regretful to note that this is a toothless bulldog as none of these penalties has been fully implemented, if at all they are implemented.

Determinants of Debt Maturity Structures in Pakistan

Determinants of Debt Maturity Structures in Pakistan CHAPTER 1 Rapid changes in financial service industries make it essential to determine the profitability of financial institution. Banks plays a key role in financial market of a country and for this its very important to evaluate that bank operate in efficient manner also what are the factors which affect the profitability of banks. A bank generates profit from the differential between the level of interest it pays for deposits and other sources of funds, and the level of interest it charges in its lending activities. Historically, profitability from lending activities has been dependent on the needs and strengths of customers. In modern era, investors have demanded a more stable revenue stream and banks have therefore placed more emphasis on transaction fees, primarily loan fees but also included service charges on an array of deposit activities and other services (international banking, foreign exchange, insurance, investments, wire transfers, etc.). Lending activities provide the huge size of income to commercial banks. In the past 10 years banks have taken many measures to ensure that bank remain profitable while responding to increasingly changing market conditions. Financial sector of Pakistan structured on Scheduled and Unscheduled Banks. Scheduled Banks are regulated by the State Bank of Pakistans Regulations, through different wings, and are subject to different SBP regulatory requirements such as capital and liquidity reserve requirements. The financial division analysts were projected higher profitability in 2008. That projection made possible because State Bank of Pakistan has raised its discount rate in which the banks can invest to earn a good return. The rising lending rates contributed considerably to ensuring an increased profitability acknowledged by State bank of Pakistan. Factors that affect the profitability of Commercial Banks are both Endogenous and Exogenous. Endogenous factors are within the Control of Management such as quality of management and its policies, efficiency of management in generating revenues and controlling costs, bank capitalization and location. Exogenous factors are outside management control, especially macro economic indices such as Interest rates, Exchange rates, Inflation, and other regulatory and market constraints. The banking sector has been a source of stability for this country, because as you have seen in many countries, the banking sector has weakened and outright nationalization has taken place in some countries. However, the reforms that have taken place in Pakistan banking sector over the past 8 to 10 years have given stability and strength to this sector. There are some ratios, by which can measure the strength of a banking sector, and the most important amongst those ratios is Capital Adequacy; our countrys average capital adequacy 8 percent some banks have less or some banks have more. Macro stability taken some time to trickle down was not something that happens over a month or two, because macro stability causes improvement in the confidence and that improvement caused investment decisions to become positive. As Pakistan banking sector presented stable condition. The country was not very export-dependent either, which is why the global decrease in trade has not had a big impact on Pakistan. Pakistan has the potential to achieve self-sufficiency over a period of time and create a major surplus for agriculture. Banks in Pakistan over the last eight to ten years have been more selective in the client base, apart from the consumer side, because the consumer loans are only 14 percent of the total loans its much lower than other countries. Country had faced some problems in the consumer loans, especially those banks that had become too aggressive in this sector, but the rest whether its corporate or agriculture have remained stable. Growth of Banking Sector: Profitability of the banking sector has been breaking its own record year after year during this ongoing decade. The commercial banking sector in Pakistan regulated by the state bank of Pakistan. SBP introduced several structural changes. Beside higher standards of corporate governance at management and board level, the banks are adhering to SBP prudential regulations, consistent with BIS standards. 36 Commercial Banks (26 local banks and 10 foreign banks) of which 22 were listed on stock exchange. Many merger/acquisition took place. Asset of banking sector registered a increase to reach at Rs 3.7 trillion (2005) with annual growth rate of 15.2% that outpaced economic growth (2005-06) 85 % of banking sector are in private hands. 1.3 Earning And Profitability Strong earnings and profitability profile of banks reflects the ability to support present and future operations. More specifically, this determined the capacity to absorb losses, finance its expansion programs, pay dividend to its shareholders and build up adequate level of capital. There were many different indicators used to serve the purpose, the best and most widely used indicator return on assets (ROA). Earning demanded most visible in case of foreign banks in 1998. The stress on earnings and profitability was expected although the steps taken by the SBP to improve liquidity. Not only liquid assets to total assets ratio turn down sharply, earning assets to total assets also dropped. T-Bill portfolio of banks declined considerably, as that were less compensated. Banks reduced return on deposits to sustain their spread. The financial institutes were not able to contain the decline in ROA due to declining stock and remuneration of their earning assets. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Research on the determinants of bank profitability has focused on the returns of bank assets and equity, and net interest rate margins. It has traditionally explored the impact on bank performance of bank-specific factors, such as risk, market power, and regulatory costs. Many researchers have focused on the impact of macroeconomic factors on bank performance and profitability. According to Flennery (2000) tested the hypothesis that market rate fluctuations adversely affect commercial bank profits. The finding have responded of revenue and cost of fund to market rate changes then determine whether regulators should take pains to stabilize market conditions. Market rate levels emerge as a prominent influence on intermediary costs and revenues, but the effects of market rate changes effectively cancel one another for most large banks. The research found significant sensitivity to interest rate and it was unstable over the time. By Brick (1994) estimated of market risk, interest rate risk, and foreign exchange risk continues to be unstable. The result of risk differed by bank type and period. As interest rate risk declines, foreign exchange increases; the result suggested that the market continues to reflect changes in the economic and regulatory situation of commercial banks in the pricing of bank stocks. The adverse impact of Interest Rate fluctuations on the profitability of Commercial Banks can be hedge with sound application of modern interest rate risk management theories and tools. Used accounting decompositions, as well as panel regressions, Al-Haschimi (2007) studied the determinants of bank net interest rate margins in 10 Sub Saharan African countries. Author found that credit risk and operating inefficiencies explain most of the variation in net interest margins across the region. Macroeconomic risk has only limited effects on net interest margins in the study. DemirgÃÆ' ¼ÃƒÆ' §-Kunt and Huizinga (1999) used bank level data for 80 countries for the periods 1988-95; analyze how bank characteristics and the overall banking environment affect both interest rate margins and bank returns. In considering both measures, this study provides a decomposition of the income effects of a number of determinants that affect depositor and borrower behavior, as opposed to that of shareholders. Results suggested that macroeconomic and regulatory conditions have a pronounced impact on margins and profitability. Lower market concentration ratios lead to lower margins or profits, while the effect of foreign ownership varies between industrialized and developing countries. Foreign banks have higher margins and profits compared to domestic banks in developing countries, while the opposite holds in developed countries. Hualan Cia and Weing (1992) studied on the effect of interest rate change on stock return and bank profitability, investigated the sensitivity of Canadian banks stock return and the profitability to change in interest rate. Used the data of Canadian banks on both the actual and unexpected change of different time series of interest rate indices, the short, intermediate and long term interest rate have significant negative correlation with bank stock return and profitability. The analysis showed through regression analysis by calculated the ratios of financial statements of banks. This measured the Canadian bank profitability against interest rate changes found that the net interest income and net income were not significantly related to change of interest rate. Flannery (1981) the study examined the relation between the interest rate sensitivity of common stock returns and the maturity composition of the firms nominal contracts. Used a sample of actively traded commercial banks and stock savings and loan associations, common stock returns are found to be correlated with interest rate changes. The co-movement of stock returns and interest rate changes positively related to the size of the maturity difference between the firms nominal assets and liabilities. Facts supported the hypothesis that the effect of nominal interest rate changes on common stock prices related to the maturity composition of a firms net nominal asset holding. For commercial bank and SL stocks, changes in interest rates were found to be significantly related to stock price movements. Also cross-sectional variation in the interest rate sensitivity measure was significantly related to the maturity mismatch of the bank assets and liabilities. Dependable with the nominal contracting hypothesis, the maturity composition of nominal contracts was found to be a significant factor affecting common stock returns. Coyne (1973) Commercial Bank Profitability by Function, The study was concerned with the cost, price and profit by function. It estimated the profit for real estate, installment, commercial and agricultural loans, and investments for banks stratified by size of deposit and the method, that was used to make that determination; the degree to which the average price (interest rate) by function known to the bank and, expressed by a sample period, whether it was equal to or greater than the cost of funds by function; and the degree to which the bank was able to determine its profit by function. The results of the surveyed were representative of the aggregate commercial banking community, the study concluded by the cost of funds estimates to average balance sheet for the Representative Bank of America (RBA).Raw data were obtained from the Federal Reserve Bank of Clevelands functional cost analysis of forty-one banks. Surveyed to the chief executive officer of 510 commercial banks provides insight into the manner in which commercial banks utilize. The author designed to provide a method of cost and profit calculation to the numerous small and medium-sized banks who indicated in response to the authors survey that the author knew little or nothing about the costs by function. The results of the investigation in general and the profitability of RBA in particular representative of the entire banking community, this study was provide help to individual banks as well as policy-making levels of state and national government where questions concerning matters such as usury laws and price (interest rate) controls appear to be taking a disproportionately large amount of time and effort to resolve. Goddard, Molyneux and Wilson (2004) determined the dynamic panel and cross-sectional regressions used to estimate growth and profit equations for a sample of commercial, savings, and co-operative banks from five major European Union countries during the mid-1990s. Methodologically unified the growth and profit strands in the previous empirical literature. Profit was an important prerequisite for future growth. High capital assets ratio tendency grow slowly in banking sector, and growth was connected to macroeconomic conditions. There were few systematic influences on bank growth. The resolution of profit appears higher for savings and co-operative banks than for commercial banks has attempted to unify the growth and profit strands in the literature by examining the performance of European banks during the 1990s. It reported univariate, bivariate, and multivariate versions of a two-equation model, which attempts to capture two-way causality between growth and profit while controlling for a range of other determinants of bank performance. The growth regressions suggested as banks became larger in relative terms, their growth performance tended to improve further. This pattern was strongest for commercial banks. Banks that sustained high capital-assets and liquidity ratios records low profitability. There was some evidence of a positive association between concentration and profitability, but little evidence of a link between bank-level x-inefficiency and profitability. While such patterns continue, concentration in European banking exhibited a natural tendency to increase. There was proof of positive perseverance of growth, although this tends to decline when additional control variables were included in the bivariate and multivariate growth models. The estimated coefficients on the covered profit term in the growth equations lend strong support to the notion that profit is an important sign to future growth. In the profit regressions, there was some variation in the estimated short-run between ownership types and countries. This reflected the fact that savings and co-operative banks are subject to various business and geographical restrictions that smother competition. The study favored th e SCP hypothesis of a positive association between concentration and profitability, but little apparent relationship between bank level inefficiency and profitability. In Latin America, Gelos (2006) studied the determinants of bank interest margins using bank and country level data. Author found that spreads are large because of relatively high interest rates because of macroeconomic risk, including from inflation, less efficient banks, and higher reserve requirements. In a study of United States banks for the period 1989-93, Angbazo (1997) found that net interest margins reflect primarily credit. In addition, there was evidence that net interest margins are positively related to core capital, non-interest bearing reserves, and management quality, but negatively related to liquidity risk. Ho and Saunders (1981) applied the model of to analyze the determinants of interest margins in six countries of the European Union and the US during the period 1988-95. Authors found that macroeconomic volatility and regulations have a significant impact on bank interest rate margins. The results also suggested an important trade-off between ensuring bank solvency, defined by high capital to asset ratios, and lowering the cost of financial services to consumers, as measured by low interest rate margins. Athanasoglou, Delis and Staikouras (2006) applied a dynamic panel data model to study the performance of Greek banks over the period 1985-2001, and find some profit persistence, a result that signal that the market structure not perfectly competitive. The results also showed that the profitability of Greek banks shaped by bank-specific factors and macroeconomic control variables, which were not under the direct control of bank management and industry formation, did not appear to significantly affect profitability. Athanasoglou (2008) studied the profitability behavior of the south eastern European banking industry over the period 1998-2002. The empirical result suggested that the enhancement of bank profitability in those countries requires new standards in risk management and operating efficiency, which, according to the evidence presented in the paper, crucially affect profits. A key result that effect market concentration was positive, while the picture regarding macroeconomic variables was mixed. A number of studies have emphasized the relation between macroeconomic variables and bank risk. Saunders and Allen (2004) surveyed on pro-cyclicality in operational, credit, and market risk exposures. Such cyclical effects mainly results from systematic risk originate from common macroeconomic influences or from interdependencies across firms as financial markets and institutions consolidate internationally. It ultimately exacerbates business cycle fluctuations due to adverse effects on bank lending capacity. Using equity returns data over the period 1973-2003, Allen and Bali (2004) examined the disastrous risk of financial institutions. Results suggested evidence of pro-cyclicality in both tragic and operational risk measurements, implying that macroeconomic, systematic, and environmental factors play a considerable role in determining the risk and returns of financial institutions. Pi and Timme (1993) investigated the relationship of concentration of decision management and control in one person on the cost efficiency level of the bank and return on assets. On the basis of the study found that the banks whose Chairman and CEO be same person had significantly less efficiency than those banks that possessed not similar governance structure and show that performance was affected by top management structure. Isik and Hassan (2003) estimated cost, allocate, technical, pure technical and scale efficiency of Turkish banking industry from 1988 to 1996. This study considered capital, loan able funds as bank short-term loans, long-term loans, risk adjustment off balance sheet items and other earning assets as output of bank. Thistle, McLeod and Conrad (1989) have found that (a) balance sheet composition depends on both the level and change in interest rates , (b) banks response to changes in interest rates in different, depending on whether rates are rising or falling. Authors determined the relation between banks portfolio of assets and liabilities and interest rate was stable. Several possible caused of instability. The econometric techniques employed allow for continuous change in the structure of the empirical model. The study found that the portfolio-interest rate relationship depends on the level of interest rates and exogenous assets, as well as their rate and direction of change Samy Ben Naceur (2005) investigated the impact of banks characteristics, financial structure and macroeconomic indicators on banks net interest margins and profitability in the Tunisian banking industry for the 1980-2000 periods. The study found individual bank characteristics explained a substantial part of the within-country variation in bank interest margins and profitability. High interest margin and profitability tend to be associated with banks that hold a relatively high amount of capital, and with large overheads. The study found that the inflation had a positive force for net interest margin; while economic growth has no incidence. Another factor was financial structure and its impact on banks interest margin and profitability; found that concentration be less beneficial to the Tunisian commercial banks than competition whereas for stock market development had a positive effect on bank profitability. This reflected the corresponding between bank and stock market growth. The study found that the disintermediation of the Tunisian financial system was favorable to the banking sector profitability. Some authors examined on banking of south European region, the determinants of bank interest margins adopt two alternative modeling frameworks used dealership approach and a micro-model of the banking-firm approach, study found bank as a dynamic dealer, setting interest rates on loans and deposits to balance the asymmetric arrival of loan demands and deposit supplies by Staikouras. The bank interest margins were shown to be fees charged by banks for the provision of liquidity. The alternative approach was the micro-model of the banking firm, the study found the banking firm in a static way, setting where demands and supplies of deposits and loans simultaneously clear both markets. Choi, Elyasiani and Kopecky (1992) estimated a multi-index model that considered market risk, interest sensitivity, and exchange rate risk of commercial bank stock returns. Dummy models were used to separate the period of pre- and post-October 1979 and to split the results attributable to money center banks from other banks. A significant exchange rate effect occurs for money center banks after October 1979, while interest sensitivity was stronger before October 1979. The exchange rate effect was attributing to raised hedge foreign loan exposure of money center banks. The bank profitability typically measured by the return on assets (ROA) and/or the return on equity, usually expressed as a function of internal and external determinants. Internal determinant factors that were mainly influenced by a banks management decisions and policy objectives. Such profitability determinants are the level of liquidity, provisioning policy, capital adequacy, expenses management, and bank size. On the other hand, the external determinants, both industry and macroeconomic related, also known variables that reflect the economic and legal environments where the financial institution operates. By Bourke (1989) determined; Liquidity risk, arising from the possible inability of a bank to accommodate. Decreased in liabilities or to fund increases on the assets side of the balance sheet, considered an important determinant of bank profitability. The loans market, especially credit to households and firms, risky and has a greater expected return than other bank assets, such as government securities. That expected a positive relationship between liquidity and profitability. Duca and McLaughlin (1990) studied that variations in bank profitability were largely attributable to variations in credit risk, since increased exposure to credit risk normally associated with decreased firm profitability. Miller and Noulas (1997) suggested that the more financial institutions are exposed to high risk loans, the higher the accumulation of unpaid loans and the lower the profitability. Even though leverage (capitalization) has been demonstrated to be important in explaining the performance of financial institutions, its impact on bank profitability was ambiguous. As lower capital ratios suggest a relatively risky position, one might expect a negative coefficient on this variable. Molyneux and Thornton (1992) observed a positive relationship, suggesting that high profits earned by firms be appropriated in the form of higher payroll expenditures paid to more productive human capital. It should be appealing to identify the dominant effect, in a developing banking environment like Malaysia. Authors used Bank size to capture potential economies or diseconomies of scale in the banking sector. The variable controls for cost differences and product and risk diversification according to the size of the financial institution. The first factor could lead to a positive relationship between size and bank profitability were significant economies of scale, while the second factor negative one was increased diversification leads to lower credit risk and lower returns. Berger, Hanweck, Humphery (1987) discussed that marginal cost savings can be achieved by increasing the size of the banking firm, especially as markets develop. Eichengreen and Gibson (2001) suggested that the effect of a growing banks size on profitability may be positive up to a certain limit. Beyond the point, the effect of size was negative due to bureaucratic and other reasons. Bank profitability be sensitive to macroeconomic conditions despite the trend in the industry towards greater geographic diversification and larger use of financial engineering techniques to manage risk associated with business cycle forecasting. Generally, higher economic growth encourages bank to lend more and permits them to charge higher margins, as well as improving the quality of their assets. 2.1 The Determinants of Bank Performance: Studies on the determinants of banks interest margin and profitability have focused on single country sides and a panel of countries. 2.1a Single country studies As most of the studies on bank performance are conducted in the US and emerging markets. Neeley and Wheelock (1997) explored the profitability of a sample of insured commercial banks in the US for the 1980-1995 periods. Authors found that bank performance positively related to the annual percentage changes in the states per capita income. The main Studies on the determinants of banks performance in emerging countries were carried out in Colombia Barajas et al. (1999) document significant effects of financial liberalization on banks interest margins for the Colombian case. Although the overall spread has not declined after financial reform, the relevance of the different factors behind the bank spreads were affected by such measures. Another change linked with the liberalization process was the increase of the coefficient of loan quality after the liberalization. Afanasieff, Lhacer and Nakane (2002) make used of panel data techniques to uncover the main determinants of the bank interest spreads in Brazil. Ben Naceur and Goaied (2001) investigated the determinants of the Tunisian banks performances during the period 1980-1995. The research indicated that the best performing banks were those who had struggled to improve labor and capital productivity, maintained a high level of deposit accounts relative to their assets and had been able to reinforce their equity. Guru, Staunton and Balashanmugam (2002) attempted to identify the determinants of successful deposit banks in order to provide practical guide for improved profitability performance of these institutions. The study was based on a sample of 17 Malaysian commercial banks over the 1986-1995. The profitability determinants were divided in two main categories, internal determinants (liquidity, capital adequacy and expenses management) and the external determinants (ownership, firm size and external economic conditions). The finding of that study revealed that efficient expenses management was one of the most significant in explaining high bank profitability. Among the macro indicators, high interest ratio was associated with low bank profitability and inflation was found to have a positive effect on bank performance. 2.1b Panel country studies The panel country studies were focused on European companies and developed and developing countries. Molyneux and Thornton (1992) were the first to explore thoroughly the determinants of bank profitability on a set of countries. Authors used sample of 18 European countries during the 1986-1989. The finding represented a significant positive association between the return on equity and the level of interest rates in each country, bank concentration, and government ownership. Abreu and Mendes (2002) investigated the determinants of banks interest margins and profitability for some European countries in the last decade. The authors reported that well capitalized banks face lower expected bankruptcy costs and advantages translate into better profitability. Although with a negative sign in all regressions, the unemployment rate was relevant in explaining bank profitability. Bashir (2000) examined the determinants of Islamic banks performance across eight Middle Eastern countries for 1993-1998. A number of internal and external factors were used to predict profitability and efficiencies. Controlling for macroeconomic environment, financial market situation and taxation, the results showed that higher leverage and large loans to asset ratios, lead to higher profitability. The author reported in his study that foreign-owned banks are more profitable that the domestic. The result also found the evidence that taxation impacts negatively bank profitability. Final result of study was that macroeconomic setting and stock market development have a positive impact on profitability. DemerguÃÆ' §-Kunt and Huizingha (1999) examined the determinants of bank interest margins and profitability using a bank level data for 80 countries in the 1988- 1995 period. The set of variables included several factors accounting for bank characteristics, macroeconomic conditions, taxation, regulations, financial structure, and legal indicators. The study reported that a larger ratio of bank assets to GDP and a lower market concentration ratio lead to lower margins and profits. Foreign banks have higher margins and profits than domestic banks on developing countries, while the opposite prevail in developed countries. DemerguÃÆ' §-Kunt and Huizingha (2001) presented evidence on the impact of financial development and structure on bank profitability using bank level data for a large number of developed and developing countries over the 1990-1997 period. The study found that financial development has a very important impact on bank performance. It reported that higher bank development was related to lower bank performance. Stock market development on the other hand, leads to increased profits and margins for banks especially at lower levels of financial development, indicating complementarities between bank and stock market. CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESIS The interest rate assummed to be one of the most important factors that affect commercial banks profitability. The issue which deals in the study was the affect of market interest rate fluactuation has adversly related to commercial bank profitability. This thesis study bring opportunity to established a relationship between fluctuations in interest rates and the performance of commercial banks in Pakistan during the period of 2004- 2008. The main purpose of this study was to determine the implication of fluctuations in market interest rates on the profitability of commercial banks in Pakistan. This study provide Major causes of interest rate fluctuations The extent to which commercial banks are set to manage interest rate related risks. Major causes of Interest Rate Fluctuation were unstable government Policies, Unstable Economic Environment, unavailability of long-term funds, Inflation. The factors that affect the commercial bank profitability were significant mismatch in the maturity profiles of Assets and Liabilities, Frequent Interest Rate Fluctuations, under capitalization of banks, Poor Collateral of credits. Pakistans financial sector included nationalized, foreign, and private banks; and Non-banking Financial Institutions (NBFIs) which include Development Finance Institutions (DFIs), Investment Banks, leasing companies, modarabas, and housing finance companies. Scheduled Banks know as also commercial bank regulated by the State Bank of Pakistan regulated through different wings, and subject to different SBP regulatory requirements such as capital and liquidity reserve requirements. Factors that affect the profitability of Commercial Banks are both Endogenous and Exogenous. Endogenous factors are within the Control of Management such as quality of man Determinants of Debt Maturity Structures in Pakistan Determinants of Debt Maturity Structures in Pakistan CHAPTER 1 Rapid changes in financial service industries make it essential to determine the profitability of financial institution. Banks plays a key role in financial market of a country and for this its very important to evaluate that bank operate in efficient manner also what are the factors which affect the profitability of banks. A bank generates profit from the differential between the level of interest it pays for deposits and other sources of funds, and the level of interest it charges in its lending activities. Historically, profitability from lending activities has been dependent on the needs and strengths of customers. In modern era, investors have demanded a more stable revenue stream and banks have therefore placed more emphasis on transaction fees, primarily loan fees but also included service charges on an array of deposit activities and other services (international banking, foreign exchange, insurance, investments, wire transfers, etc.). Lending activities provide the huge size of income to commercial banks. In the past 10 years banks have taken many measures to ensure that bank remain profitable while responding to increasingly changing market conditions. Financial sector of Pakistan structured on Scheduled and Unscheduled Banks. Scheduled Banks are regulated by the State Bank of Pakistans Regulations, through different wings, and are subject to different SBP regulatory requirements such as capital and liquidity reserve requirements. The financial division analysts were projected higher profitability in 2008. That projection made possible because State Bank of Pakistan has raised its discount rate in which the banks can invest to earn a good return. The rising lending rates contributed considerably to ensuring an increased profitability acknowledged by State bank of Pakistan. Factors that affect the profitability of Commercial Banks are both Endogenous and Exogenous. Endogenous factors are within the Control of Management such as quality of management and its policies, efficiency of management in generating revenues and controlling costs, bank capitalization and location. Exogenous factors are outside management control, especially macro economic indices such as Interest rates, Exchange rates, Inflation, and other regulatory and market constraints. The banking sector has been a source of stability for this country, because as you have seen in many countries, the banking sector has weakened and outright nationalization has taken place in some countries. However, the reforms that have taken place in Pakistan banking sector over the past 8 to 10 years have given stability and strength to this sector. There are some ratios, by which can measure the strength of a banking sector, and the most important amongst those ratios is Capital Adequacy; our countrys average capital adequacy 8 percent some banks have less or some banks have more. Macro stability taken some time to trickle down was not something that happens over a month or two, because macro stability causes improvement in the confidence and that improvement caused investment decisions to become positive. As Pakistan banking sector presented stable condition. The country was not very export-dependent either, which is why the global decrease in trade has not had a big impact on Pakistan. Pakistan has the potential to achieve self-sufficiency over a period of time and create a major surplus for agriculture. Banks in Pakistan over the last eight to ten years have been more selective in the client base, apart from the consumer side, because the consumer loans are only 14 percent of the total loans its much lower than other countries. Country had faced some problems in the consumer loans, especially those banks that had become too aggressive in this sector, but the rest whether its corporate or agriculture have remained stable. Growth of Banking Sector: Profitability of the banking sector has been breaking its own record year after year during this ongoing decade. The commercial banking sector in Pakistan regulated by the state bank of Pakistan. SBP introduced several structural changes. Beside higher standards of corporate governance at management and board level, the banks are adhering to SBP prudential regulations, consistent with BIS standards. 36 Commercial Banks (26 local banks and 10 foreign banks) of which 22 were listed on stock exchange. Many merger/acquisition took place. Asset of banking sector registered a increase to reach at Rs 3.7 trillion (2005) with annual growth rate of 15.2% that outpaced economic growth (2005-06) 85 % of banking sector are in private hands. 1.3 Earning And Profitability Strong earnings and profitability profile of banks reflects the ability to support present and future operations. More specifically, this determined the capacity to absorb losses, finance its expansion programs, pay dividend to its shareholders and build up adequate level of capital. There were many different indicators used to serve the purpose, the best and most widely used indicator return on assets (ROA). Earning demanded most visible in case of foreign banks in 1998. The stress on earnings and profitability was expected although the steps taken by the SBP to improve liquidity. Not only liquid assets to total assets ratio turn down sharply, earning assets to total assets also dropped. T-Bill portfolio of banks declined considerably, as that were less compensated. Banks reduced return on deposits to sustain their spread. The financial institutes were not able to contain the decline in ROA due to declining stock and remuneration of their earning assets. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Research on the determinants of bank profitability has focused on the returns of bank assets and equity, and net interest rate margins. It has traditionally explored the impact on bank performance of bank-specific factors, such as risk, market power, and regulatory costs. Many researchers have focused on the impact of macroeconomic factors on bank performance and profitability. According to Flennery (2000) tested the hypothesis that market rate fluctuations adversely affect commercial bank profits. The finding have responded of revenue and cost of fund to market rate changes then determine whether regulators should take pains to stabilize market conditions. Market rate levels emerge as a prominent influence on intermediary costs and revenues, but the effects of market rate changes effectively cancel one another for most large banks. The research found significant sensitivity to interest rate and it was unstable over the time. By Brick (1994) estimated of market risk, interest rate risk, and foreign exchange risk continues to be unstable. The result of risk differed by bank type and period. As interest rate risk declines, foreign exchange increases; the result suggested that the market continues to reflect changes in the economic and regulatory situation of commercial banks in the pricing of bank stocks. The adverse impact of Interest Rate fluctuations on the profitability of Commercial Banks can be hedge with sound application of modern interest rate risk management theories and tools. Used accounting decompositions, as well as panel regressions, Al-Haschimi (2007) studied the determinants of bank net interest rate margins in 10 Sub Saharan African countries. Author found that credit risk and operating inefficiencies explain most of the variation in net interest margins across the region. Macroeconomic risk has only limited effects on net interest margins in the study. DemirgÃÆ' ¼ÃƒÆ' §-Kunt and Huizinga (1999) used bank level data for 80 countries for the periods 1988-95; analyze how bank characteristics and the overall banking environment affect both interest rate margins and bank returns. In considering both measures, this study provides a decomposition of the income effects of a number of determinants that affect depositor and borrower behavior, as opposed to that of shareholders. Results suggested that macroeconomic and regulatory conditions have a pronounced impact on margins and profitability. Lower market concentration ratios lead to lower margins or profits, while the effect of foreign ownership varies between industrialized and developing countries. Foreign banks have higher margins and profits compared to domestic banks in developing countries, while the opposite holds in developed countries. Hualan Cia and Weing (1992) studied on the effect of interest rate change on stock return and bank profitability, investigated the sensitivity of Canadian banks stock return and the profitability to change in interest rate. Used the data of Canadian banks on both the actual and unexpected change of different time series of interest rate indices, the short, intermediate and long term interest rate have significant negative correlation with bank stock return and profitability. The analysis showed through regression analysis by calculated the ratios of financial statements of banks. This measured the Canadian bank profitability against interest rate changes found that the net interest income and net income were not significantly related to change of interest rate. Flannery (1981) the study examined the relation between the interest rate sensitivity of common stock returns and the maturity composition of the firms nominal contracts. Used a sample of actively traded commercial banks and stock savings and loan associations, common stock returns are found to be correlated with interest rate changes. The co-movement of stock returns and interest rate changes positively related to the size of the maturity difference between the firms nominal assets and liabilities. Facts supported the hypothesis that the effect of nominal interest rate changes on common stock prices related to the maturity composition of a firms net nominal asset holding. For commercial bank and SL stocks, changes in interest rates were found to be significantly related to stock price movements. Also cross-sectional variation in the interest rate sensitivity measure was significantly related to the maturity mismatch of the bank assets and liabilities. Dependable with the nominal contracting hypothesis, the maturity composition of nominal contracts was found to be a significant factor affecting common stock returns. Coyne (1973) Commercial Bank Profitability by Function, The study was concerned with the cost, price and profit by function. It estimated the profit for real estate, installment, commercial and agricultural loans, and investments for banks stratified by size of deposit and the method, that was used to make that determination; the degree to which the average price (interest rate) by function known to the bank and, expressed by a sample period, whether it was equal to or greater than the cost of funds by function; and the degree to which the bank was able to determine its profit by function. The results of the surveyed were representative of the aggregate commercial banking community, the study concluded by the cost of funds estimates to average balance sheet for the Representative Bank of America (RBA).Raw data were obtained from the Federal Reserve Bank of Clevelands functional cost analysis of forty-one banks. Surveyed to the chief executive officer of 510 commercial banks provides insight into the manner in which commercial banks utilize. The author designed to provide a method of cost and profit calculation to the numerous small and medium-sized banks who indicated in response to the authors survey that the author knew little or nothing about the costs by function. The results of the investigation in general and the profitability of RBA in particular representative of the entire banking community, this study was provide help to individual banks as well as policy-making levels of state and national government where questions concerning matters such as usury laws and price (interest rate) controls appear to be taking a disproportionately large amount of time and effort to resolve. Goddard, Molyneux and Wilson (2004) determined the dynamic panel and cross-sectional regressions used to estimate growth and profit equations for a sample of commercial, savings, and co-operative banks from five major European Union countries during the mid-1990s. Methodologically unified the growth and profit strands in the previous empirical literature. Profit was an important prerequisite for future growth. High capital assets ratio tendency grow slowly in banking sector, and growth was connected to macroeconomic conditions. There were few systematic influences on bank growth. The resolution of profit appears higher for savings and co-operative banks than for commercial banks has attempted to unify the growth and profit strands in the literature by examining the performance of European banks during the 1990s. It reported univariate, bivariate, and multivariate versions of a two-equation model, which attempts to capture two-way causality between growth and profit while controlling for a range of other determinants of bank performance. The growth regressions suggested as banks became larger in relative terms, their growth performance tended to improve further. This pattern was strongest for commercial banks. Banks that sustained high capital-assets and liquidity ratios records low profitability. There was some evidence of a positive association between concentration and profitability, but little evidence of a link between bank-level x-inefficiency and profitability. While such patterns continue, concentration in European banking exhibited a natural tendency to increase. There was proof of positive perseverance of growth, although this tends to decline when additional control variables were included in the bivariate and multivariate growth models. The estimated coefficients on the covered profit term in the growth equations lend strong support to the notion that profit is an important sign to future growth. In the profit regressions, there was some variation in the estimated short-run between ownership types and countries. This reflected the fact that savings and co-operative banks are subject to various business and geographical restrictions that smother competition. The study favored th e SCP hypothesis of a positive association between concentration and profitability, but little apparent relationship between bank level inefficiency and profitability. In Latin America, Gelos (2006) studied the determinants of bank interest margins using bank and country level data. Author found that spreads are large because of relatively high interest rates because of macroeconomic risk, including from inflation, less efficient banks, and higher reserve requirements. In a study of United States banks for the period 1989-93, Angbazo (1997) found that net interest margins reflect primarily credit. In addition, there was evidence that net interest margins are positively related to core capital, non-interest bearing reserves, and management quality, but negatively related to liquidity risk. Ho and Saunders (1981) applied the model of to analyze the determinants of interest margins in six countries of the European Union and the US during the period 1988-95. Authors found that macroeconomic volatility and regulations have a significant impact on bank interest rate margins. The results also suggested an important trade-off between ensuring bank solvency, defined by high capital to asset ratios, and lowering the cost of financial services to consumers, as measured by low interest rate margins. Athanasoglou, Delis and Staikouras (2006) applied a dynamic panel data model to study the performance of Greek banks over the period 1985-2001, and find some profit persistence, a result that signal that the market structure not perfectly competitive. The results also showed that the profitability of Greek banks shaped by bank-specific factors and macroeconomic control variables, which were not under the direct control of bank management and industry formation, did not appear to significantly affect profitability. Athanasoglou (2008) studied the profitability behavior of the south eastern European banking industry over the period 1998-2002. The empirical result suggested that the enhancement of bank profitability in those countries requires new standards in risk management and operating efficiency, which, according to the evidence presented in the paper, crucially affect profits. A key result that effect market concentration was positive, while the picture regarding macroeconomic variables was mixed. A number of studies have emphasized the relation between macroeconomic variables and bank risk. Saunders and Allen (2004) surveyed on pro-cyclicality in operational, credit, and market risk exposures. Such cyclical effects mainly results from systematic risk originate from common macroeconomic influences or from interdependencies across firms as financial markets and institutions consolidate internationally. It ultimately exacerbates business cycle fluctuations due to adverse effects on bank lending capacity. Using equity returns data over the period 1973-2003, Allen and Bali (2004) examined the disastrous risk of financial institutions. Results suggested evidence of pro-cyclicality in both tragic and operational risk measurements, implying that macroeconomic, systematic, and environmental factors play a considerable role in determining the risk and returns of financial institutions. Pi and Timme (1993) investigated the relationship of concentration of decision management and control in one person on the cost efficiency level of the bank and return on assets. On the basis of the study found that the banks whose Chairman and CEO be same person had significantly less efficiency than those banks that possessed not similar governance structure and show that performance was affected by top management structure. Isik and Hassan (2003) estimated cost, allocate, technical, pure technical and scale efficiency of Turkish banking industry from 1988 to 1996. This study considered capital, loan able funds as bank short-term loans, long-term loans, risk adjustment off balance sheet items and other earning assets as output of bank. Thistle, McLeod and Conrad (1989) have found that (a) balance sheet composition depends on both the level and change in interest rates , (b) banks response to changes in interest rates in different, depending on whether rates are rising or falling. Authors determined the relation between banks portfolio of assets and liabilities and interest rate was stable. Several possible caused of instability. The econometric techniques employed allow for continuous change in the structure of the empirical model. The study found that the portfolio-interest rate relationship depends on the level of interest rates and exogenous assets, as well as their rate and direction of change Samy Ben Naceur (2005) investigated the impact of banks characteristics, financial structure and macroeconomic indicators on banks net interest margins and profitability in the Tunisian banking industry for the 1980-2000 periods. The study found individual bank characteristics explained a substantial part of the within-country variation in bank interest margins and profitability. High interest margin and profitability tend to be associated with banks that hold a relatively high amount of capital, and with large overheads. The study found that the inflation had a positive force for net interest margin; while economic growth has no incidence. Another factor was financial structure and its impact on banks interest margin and profitability; found that concentration be less beneficial to the Tunisian commercial banks than competition whereas for stock market development had a positive effect on bank profitability. This reflected the corresponding between bank and stock market growth. The study found that the disintermediation of the Tunisian financial system was favorable to the banking sector profitability. Some authors examined on banking of south European region, the determinants of bank interest margins adopt two alternative modeling frameworks used dealership approach and a micro-model of the banking-firm approach, study found bank as a dynamic dealer, setting interest rates on loans and deposits to balance the asymmetric arrival of loan demands and deposit supplies by Staikouras. The bank interest margins were shown to be fees charged by banks for the provision of liquidity. The alternative approach was the micro-model of the banking firm, the study found the banking firm in a static way, setting where demands and supplies of deposits and loans simultaneously clear both markets. Choi, Elyasiani and Kopecky (1992) estimated a multi-index model that considered market risk, interest sensitivity, and exchange rate risk of commercial bank stock returns. Dummy models were used to separate the period of pre- and post-October 1979 and to split the results attributable to money center banks from other banks. A significant exchange rate effect occurs for money center banks after October 1979, while interest sensitivity was stronger before October 1979. The exchange rate effect was attributing to raised hedge foreign loan exposure of money center banks. The bank profitability typically measured by the return on assets (ROA) and/or the return on equity, usually expressed as a function of internal and external determinants. Internal determinant factors that were mainly influenced by a banks management decisions and policy objectives. Such profitability determinants are the level of liquidity, provisioning policy, capital adequacy, expenses management, and bank size. On the other hand, the external determinants, both industry and macroeconomic related, also known variables that reflect the economic and legal environments where the financial institution operates. By Bourke (1989) determined; Liquidity risk, arising from the possible inability of a bank to accommodate. Decreased in liabilities or to fund increases on the assets side of the balance sheet, considered an important determinant of bank profitability. The loans market, especially credit to households and firms, risky and has a greater expected return than other bank assets, such as government securities. That expected a positive relationship between liquidity and profitability. Duca and McLaughlin (1990) studied that variations in bank profitability were largely attributable to variations in credit risk, since increased exposure to credit risk normally associated with decreased firm profitability. Miller and Noulas (1997) suggested that the more financial institutions are exposed to high risk loans, the higher the accumulation of unpaid loans and the lower the profitability. Even though leverage (capitalization) has been demonstrated to be important in explaining the performance of financial institutions, its impact on bank profitability was ambiguous. As lower capital ratios suggest a relatively risky position, one might expect a negative coefficient on this variable. Molyneux and Thornton (1992) observed a positive relationship, suggesting that high profits earned by firms be appropriated in the form of higher payroll expenditures paid to more productive human capital. It should be appealing to identify the dominant effect, in a developing banking environment like Malaysia. Authors used Bank size to capture potential economies or diseconomies of scale in the banking sector. The variable controls for cost differences and product and risk diversification according to the size of the financial institution. The first factor could lead to a positive relationship between size and bank profitability were significant economies of scale, while the second factor negative one was increased diversification leads to lower credit risk and lower returns. Berger, Hanweck, Humphery (1987) discussed that marginal cost savings can be achieved by increasing the size of the banking firm, especially as markets develop. Eichengreen and Gibson (2001) suggested that the effect of a growing banks size on profitability may be positive up to a certain limit. Beyond the point, the effect of size was negative due to bureaucratic and other reasons. Bank profitability be sensitive to macroeconomic conditions despite the trend in the industry towards greater geographic diversification and larger use of financial engineering techniques to manage risk associated with business cycle forecasting. Generally, higher economic growth encourages bank to lend more and permits them to charge higher margins, as well as improving the quality of their assets. 2.1 The Determinants of Bank Performance: Studies on the determinants of banks interest margin and profitability have focused on single country sides and a panel of countries. 2.1a Single country studies As most of the studies on bank performance are conducted in the US and emerging markets. Neeley and Wheelock (1997) explored the profitability of a sample of insured commercial banks in the US for the 1980-1995 periods. Authors found that bank performance positively related to the annual percentage changes in the states per capita income. The main Studies on the determinants of banks performance in emerging countries were carried out in Colombia Barajas et al. (1999) document significant effects of financial liberalization on banks interest margins for the Colombian case. Although the overall spread has not declined after financial reform, the relevance of the different factors behind the bank spreads were affected by such measures. Another change linked with the liberalization process was the increase of the coefficient of loan quality after the liberalization. Afanasieff, Lhacer and Nakane (2002) make used of panel data techniques to uncover the main determinants of the bank interest spreads in Brazil. Ben Naceur and Goaied (2001) investigated the determinants of the Tunisian banks performances during the period 1980-1995. The research indicated that the best performing banks were those who had struggled to improve labor and capital productivity, maintained a high level of deposit accounts relative to their assets and had been able to reinforce their equity. Guru, Staunton and Balashanmugam (2002) attempted to identify the determinants of successful deposit banks in order to provide practical guide for improved profitability performance of these institutions. The study was based on a sample of 17 Malaysian commercial banks over the 1986-1995. The profitability determinants were divided in two main categories, internal determinants (liquidity, capital adequacy and expenses management) and the external determinants (ownership, firm size and external economic conditions). The finding of that study revealed that efficient expenses management was one of the most significant in explaining high bank profitability. Among the macro indicators, high interest ratio was associated with low bank profitability and inflation was found to have a positive effect on bank performance. 2.1b Panel country studies The panel country studies were focused on European companies and developed and developing countries. Molyneux and Thornton (1992) were the first to explore thoroughly the determinants of bank profitability on a set of countries. Authors used sample of 18 European countries during the 1986-1989. The finding represented a significant positive association between the return on equity and the level of interest rates in each country, bank concentration, and government ownership. Abreu and Mendes (2002) investigated the determinants of banks interest margins and profitability for some European countries in the last decade. The authors reported that well capitalized banks face lower expected bankruptcy costs and advantages translate into better profitability. Although with a negative sign in all regressions, the unemployment rate was relevant in explaining bank profitability. Bashir (2000) examined the determinants of Islamic banks performance across eight Middle Eastern countries for 1993-1998. A number of internal and external factors were used to predict profitability and efficiencies. Controlling for macroeconomic environment, financial market situation and taxation, the results showed that higher leverage and large loans to asset ratios, lead to higher profitability. The author reported in his study that foreign-owned banks are more profitable that the domestic. The result also found the evidence that taxation impacts negatively bank profitability. Final result of study was that macroeconomic setting and stock market development have a positive impact on profitability. DemerguÃÆ' §-Kunt and Huizingha (1999) examined the determinants of bank interest margins and profitability using a bank level data for 80 countries in the 1988- 1995 period. The set of variables included several factors accounting for bank characteristics, macroeconomic conditions, taxation, regulations, financial structure, and legal indicators. The study reported that a larger ratio of bank assets to GDP and a lower market concentration ratio lead to lower margins and profits. Foreign banks have higher margins and profits than domestic banks on developing countries, while the opposite prevail in developed countries. DemerguÃÆ' §-Kunt and Huizingha (2001) presented evidence on the impact of financial development and structure on bank profitability using bank level data for a large number of developed and developing countries over the 1990-1997 period. The study found that financial development has a very important impact on bank performance. It reported that higher bank development was related to lower bank performance. Stock market development on the other hand, leads to increased profits and margins for banks especially at lower levels of financial development, indicating complementarities between bank and stock market. CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESIS The interest rate assummed to be one of the most important factors that affect commercial banks profitability. The issue which deals in the study was the affect of market interest rate fluactuation has adversly related to commercial bank profitability. This thesis study bring opportunity to established a relationship between fluctuations in interest rates and the performance of commercial banks in Pakistan during the period of 2004- 2008. The main purpose of this study was to determine the implication of fluctuations in market interest rates on the profitability of commercial banks in Pakistan. This study provide Major causes of interest rate fluctuations The extent to which commercial banks are set to manage interest rate related risks. Major causes of Interest Rate Fluctuation were unstable government Policies, Unstable Economic Environment, unavailability of long-term funds, Inflation. The factors that affect the commercial bank profitability were significant mismatch in the maturity profiles of Assets and Liabilities, Frequent Interest Rate Fluctuations, under capitalization of banks, Poor Collateral of credits. Pakistans financial sector included nationalized, foreign, and private banks; and Non-banking Financial Institutions (NBFIs) which include Development Finance Institutions (DFIs), Investment Banks, leasing companies, modarabas, and housing finance companies. Scheduled Banks know as also commercial bank regulated by the State Bank of Pakistan regulated through different wings, and subject to different SBP regulatory requirements such as capital and liquidity reserve requirements. Factors that affect the profitability of Commercial Banks are both Endogenous and Exogenous. Endogenous factors are within the Control of Management such as quality of man